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The college admissions process can feel overwhelming, especially when trying to figure out what colleges prioritize in applicants. While every institution has its own specific criteria, most colleges use a holistic review process to evaluate students beyond just grades and test scores. They seek individuals who will contribute to their campus community academically, socially, and personally. Understanding what colleges value can help applicants craft strong, well-rounded applications that highlight their strengths.

Academic Performance

Grades and course rigor are among the most important factors in college admissions. Colleges want to see that students have challenged themselves with rigorous coursework, such as Advanced Placement (AP), International Baccalaureate (IB), honors, or dual-enrollment classes. A strong GPA demonstrates both consistency and a commitment to learning.

However, admissions officers also consider the context of an applicant’s academic environment. If a high school offers limited AP or honors courses, students are not penalized for not taking them. Instead, colleges assess whether applicants have taken full advantage of the opportunities available to them.

Standardized Test Scores (When Required)

Many colleges still consider standardized test scores, such as the SAT and ACT, though the importance of these exams has diminished with the rise of test-optional policies. High scores can strengthen an application, particularly at competitive schools, but they are rarely the deciding factor. If a student has strong academic records and extracurricular achievements, test scores become just one piece of the overall picture.

For test-optional schools, applicants can choose whether to submit their scores. If a student’s SAT or ACT results align with or exceed a school’s middle 50% range, submitting them can be beneficial. If not, focusing on other strengths in the application may be a better approach.

Extracurricular Activities and Leadership

Colleges look for students who engage in meaningful activities outside the classroom. This doesn’t mean applicants need to be involved in dozens of clubs—depth and commitment matter more than sheer quantity. Admissions officers value students who dedicate time to activities they are passionate about, whether in sports, music, theater, community service, research, or entrepreneurship.

Leadership roles carry particular weight. Colleges prefer to see students who take initiative, organize events, mentor others, or demonstrate responsibility within their extracurriculars. Showing sustained involvement and growth over time is more impressive than briefly participating in numerous clubs without meaningful contributions.

Personal Essays

The personal essay is one of the most critical parts of a college application. It gives students the opportunity to showcase their personality, experiences, and perspectives. A compelling essay tells a unique story, providing insight into an applicant’s values, challenges, and aspirations.

Admissions officers look for authenticity and self-reflection. Instead of trying to impress with grand achievements, students should focus on moments that have shaped them. A well-written essay that highlights personal growth or resilience can leave a lasting impression.

Letters of Recommendation

Teacher and counselor recommendations help colleges understand an applicant’s character, work ethic, and potential beyond their grades. Strong letters provide insight into how a student contributes to the classroom environment, engages with peers, and handles challenges.

To receive strong recommendations, students should build relationships with teachers, actively participate in class discussions, and demonstrate a commitment to learning. A thoughtful recommendation from a teacher who truly knows a student’s strengths and character carries more weight than a generic letter from a well-known but distant figure.

Demonstrated Interest

Some colleges consider an applicant’s demonstrated interest—how much effort they have put into learning about the school and engaging with its community. This can include campus visits, attending virtual information sessions, interacting with admissions officers, or writing a supplemental essay that clearly explains why the school is a good fit.

Demonstrating genuine interest shows colleges that an applicant has carefully considered their options and is more likely to enroll if accepted. However, not all schools track demonstrated interest, so students should research each institution’s policies before focusing too much on this factor.

Diversity and Unique Perspectives

Colleges seek to build diverse student bodies that include individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, and experiences. Applicants who can bring a unique perspective to campus—whether through their upbringing, challenges they have overcome, or distinctive interests—often stand out.

Students should embrace their personal stories and highlight what makes them unique. Whether it’s growing up in a multilingual household, starting a community project, or pursuing an unconventional passion, sharing personal experiences can make an application more memorable.

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